Temporary Import permit online (TIP)
ZIMRA has an online ETIP platform that seeks to make it convenient and quick for visitors coming to Zimbabwe to apply for their Vehicle Temporary Import permits online, from anywhere in the world prior to their arrival at the border post and all one has to do is:
- Visit https://ecustoms.zimra.co.zw/etip/ or by simply searching ETIP ZIMRA.
- If you are a first time user sign up with using passport number and create your own password
- Documents needed to process the Temporary Import Permit are”
- Valid driver’s passport clearly indicating the duration of stay in Zimbabwe (as shown by immigration stamp and endorsement)
- Registration book of the motor vehicle and trailer (if applicable).
- iii. Police clearance if from any other country other than Mozambique. Affidavit/ letter of authority from the owner if not owner driven.
- Valid work permit/ permanent resident permits if driver is a Zimbabwean.
- The types of vehicles that qualify for Temporary Import Permits are
- Passenger type (light) motor vehicles commonly known as sedans, station wagons, and motorcycles.
- Goods carrying motor- vehicles with a gross vehicle weight not exceeding five tones such as pick-ups and double cabs.
- iii. Passenger carrying motor vehicles with a seating capacity not exceeding 15 people including the driver.
- Trailers, boat trailer and caravans being pulled by the vehicles mentioned above.
- The fees and charges payable for Temporary Import Permits
- Road Access Fee is USD10.00 each time the vehicle enters the country.
- Third party insurance is US$30 per month and for each subsequent month, the vehicle stays in the country.
- iii. Carbon Tax is USD10.00 per month and for each subsequent month, the vehicle stays in the country.
Generating ETIP is fairly easy and the ZIMRA platform has instructions that can be followed by one to apply Electronic Temporary Import online.
Compliance with the ZIMRA Fiscalisation Data Management System (FDMS)
All VAT Registered Operators are required to comply with fiscalisation requirement, to register and interface with FDMS for the purposes of recording taxable sales transactions.
To comply with this requirement, taxpayers have two options available as follows:
- Upgrade existing Fiscal Devices and ensure compatibility with FDMS with the assistance of Approved Suppliers of the fiscal device. or
- Consider direct interface with FDMS through Virtual Fiscal Devices (API) - software base fiscalisation solution.
Choice of the options depends on the number of point of sales operated by the taxpayer, nature of operations or accounting systems of the taxpayer or capacity to develop APIs for direct interface.
Below are the steps to take for successful on boarding:
Option A: On Boarding Process for Hardware Based Fiscal Devices
- After procuring the Fiscal Device from an Approved Supplier, the Approved Suppliers will ensure that the device is tested on the FDMS platform for compatibility with both FDMS and taxpayer’s point of sale systems. The test shall be conducted on the FDMS test environment with dummy data.
- The test process will generate sample output for ZIMRA approval (Fiscal Tax Invoice, Credit/Debit Note).
- Close fiscal day, and check if there are no errors encountered
- Submit the sample documents (Fiscal Tax Invoice, Credit/Debit Note) to ZIMRA for approval.
- Upon approval by ZIMRA, through approved supplier, the fiscal device is registered in ZIMRA FDMS live platform and then transactions can be done using the upgraded fiscal device
Option B: On boarding process for Virtual Fiscalisation
- Access and download the API document on the following link : https://www.zimra.co.zw/downloads/category/9-domestic-taxes?download=3807:fiscalisation-apidocumentation
- Identify a software developer of your choice or internal IT personnel for assistance with API software development.
- Develop your API for interface with the FDMS and configure your fiscal device
- Write an email to This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. , This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. and This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. for registration in the test environment, details of API end-points.
- Conduct your API tests on the provided FDMS test platform
- Generate sample invoices, credit notes and debit notes in the test environment for sending to ZIMRA for validation and approval
- Close fiscal day, and check if there are no errors encountered
- Submit the sample documents (Fiscal Tax Invoice, Credit/Debit Note) to ZIMRA for approval.
- Once invoices are approved, registration is done in the FDMS live environment, and start transacting.
How to see if my fiscal device is compatible with the ZIMRA FDMS System
- The Fiscal Tax Invoice, Debit/Credit Note printed by the fiscal device will be imprinted with verifiable QR Code.
- QR code on the printed Fiscal Tax Invoice, Debit/Credit Note, if is scanned or validated on the ZIMRA FDMS Portal https://fdms.zimra.co.zw it will indicate that the “Invoice is Valid”
- Fiscal day sessions can be closed and opened without any error or challenges
My Taxes, My Duties: Building my Zimbabwe
Disclaimer
This article was compiled by the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) for information purposes only. ZIMRA shall not accept responsibility for loss or damage arising from use of material in this article and no liability will attach to the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority.
Public Notice: Uncleared Motor Vehicles at Beitbridge Border Post
The Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) wishes to advise its valued clients that the following motor vehicles have remained uncleared at Beitbridge Border Post for more than the statutory 60 days detention period and are now due for disposal by rummage sale.
No. |
Description |
Chassis No# |
LOT# |
Date |
Importer |
Colour |
Bay# |
1 |
Honda S/Wagon |
Rfi-1262931 |
- |
12.1.11 |
Unknown |
White |
D35 |
2 |
Toyota Hilux |
Ln130-7009576 |
18212 |
8.3.11 |
Perfection |
Black |
Do8 |
3 |
Toyota Hiace |
Rzh112-7108515 |
|
|
Unknown |
White |
D12 |
4 |
Ford Ranger |
Iftcr14uorpa17598 |
14771 |
3.2.11 |
Excelsor Farm |
White |
D43 |
5 |
Suzuki Vitara |
………1563 |
11350 |
4.1.11 |
Dave Nyoni |
Red |
- |
6 |
Daihatsu Storia |
M100s016784 |
16778 |
|
Unknown |
Silver |
D63 |
7 |
Toyota Hiace |
Jtivrlh61v00029181 |
|
|
Unknown |
White |
D72(ext) |
8 |
Nissan Caravan |
Fege24010011 |
|
|
Ronald Mapowo |
White |
D64 |
9 |
Toyota Platz |
Scp11-0017415 |
|
3.2.11 |
Unknown |
White |
D70 |
10 |
Toyota Hiace |
Lh100-0014606 |
|
|
Unknown |
White |
D16 |
11 |
Mitsubishi Chariot |
N84w-0205209 |
17262 |
27.2.11 |
Tatenda Emmanuel |
Black |
D49 |
12 |
Mitsubishi Mini Pajero |
V45-4492858 |
24387 |
29.4.11 |
Edwin Theodora |
White |
D46 |
13 |
Mercedes Benz |
Wdb202020f428674 |
20786 |
7.3.11 |
Chakandwa |
Black |
D25(ext) |
14 |
VW Golf |
Wvwzzz1yzxp000779 |
|
23.4.11 |
Unknown |
Silver |
D41 |
15 |
Mitsubishi RVR |
N21w-5200285 |
|
13.3.11 |
Unknown |
Black |
D40 |
16 |
Toyota Carina |
At210-6005890 |
21445 |
6.4.11 |
Tawanda Muyambiri |
Silver |
D33 |
17 |
Toyota Spacio |
Ae111-6020499 |
|
|
Unknown |
Blue |
D32 |
18 |
Rover 600 |
Sarrhylbkwm303679 |
|
|
Unknown |
Blue |
D18 |
19 |
Audi A4 |
Dc1-1103488 |
|
12.1.11 |
Unknown |
Silver |
D19 |
20 |
Honda |
Sxm10-009255 |
|
27.2.11 |
Unknown |
Black |
D20 |
21 |
Toyota Ipsum |
Sxm10-0045892 |
4991 |
21.1.11 |
Louis Wandura |
Silver |
D31 |
22 |
Mercedes Benz |
Wbd2100372a086645 |
|
9.12.11 |
Unknown |
Silver |
D30 |
23 |
Toyota Ipsum |
Sxm10-009255 |
12475 |
4.1.11 |
Priscilla |
White |
D29 |
24 |
Nisan Skyline |
Hr33-053253 |
28855 |
15.5.11 |
Edward Theodora |
White |
D28 |
25 |
VW Golf |
Wvwzzz1jzp162885 |
28441 |
12.5.11 |
Innocent |
Silver |
D25 |
26 |
Toyota Spacio |
Ae111-6049794 |
29445 |
18.5.11 |
Gofrey M |
Green |
D |
27 |
Atenza |
Gyew-200397 |
24556 |
4.5.11 |
Gonera K |
Silver |
D71 |
28 |
Benz |
Wdb2100652a592618 |
25320 |
2.5.11 |
Broyal |
Black |
D55 |
29 |
Hiace |
Kzh100-0018835 |
|
|
Unknown |
Grey |
D47 |
30 |
Toyota Townace -Kombi |
Cr27-0101167 |
|
28.4.11 |
Reliance Marino |
White |
D07 |
31 |
Toyota Vitz ( wreck) |
Scp100240680 |
28076 |
29.5.11 |
Jack Waruza |
Green |
D11 |
32 |
Audi A4 |
Wavzzz8d2ta187334 |
|
|
Unknown |
Silver |
D15 |
33 |
Toyota Ipsum |
Sxm100032585 |
|
|
Unknown |
Blue |
D36 |
34 |
Mazda Carina |
- |
- |
- |
Unknown |
Red |
D34 |
35 |
Mitsubishi RVR |
Jb172cbn00p021815 |
25707 |
24.5.11 |
Raymond |
Green |
D10 |
36 |
Toyota Hiace |
Kzh1320001154 |
17033 |
24.5.11 |
Unknown |
Black |
D56 |
37 |
Mitsubishi Chariot |
Clrn81wrz00908 |
Towed |
2010 |
Unknown |
Silver |
Steel gate |
38 |
Mercedes Benz ML430 |
Wbcd1631722a127492 |
|
2010 |
Job Sikhala |
Black |
Bay c |
39 |
Primera |
P10218052 |
Towed |
2010 |
Unknown |
Black |
D44 |
40 |
Toyota Spacio |
Ae111-6010635 |
22586 |
10.4.11 |
Mutilamanja Samuel |
Blue |
D17 |
41 |
Nissan March |
K11891835 |
33012 |
|
Saidi Oscar Kaseke |
Silver |
D21 |
42 |
Toyota Raum |
Ex210-00551125 |
604153 |
16.8.11 |
Lucretia |
Blue |
D22 |
43 |
Toyota Levin |
Ae111-5020 |
601054 |
1.8.11 |
N.Makiwa |
Red |
23 |
44 |
Nissan Caravan |
Vpe25003726 |
|
10.11.10 |
Unknown |
White |
D58 |
45 |
VW Polo |
Wvwzzz6nzww026761 |
|
13.12.10 |
Unknown |
Black |
D54 |
46 |
Nissan Vanette |
Sk82ln100091 |
4748 |
20.11.10 |
Unknown |
White |
D76 |
47 |
Mitsubishi Cedia |
Cs2a0009537 |
337b |
25.8.10 |
Unknown |
Silver |
D75 |
48 |
Mitsubishi Pajero |
V444036158 |
4729 |
2.12.10 |
Enos Chipanda |
White |
D67 |
49 |
Mercedes Benz |
Wdb9034622p946904 |
|
2010 |
Unknown |
White |
D51 |
50 |
Mitsubishi Chariot |
N96w0100397 |
1811 |
15.06.10 |
Tongai Matutu |
Silver |
D13 |
51 |
Mitsubishi Chariot |
N43w0205393 |
|
2010 |
Unknown |
Blue |
D24 |
52 |
Toyota Altis |
Mro532ec107051436 |
|
2010 |
Unknown |
Biege |
D69 |
53 |
Leyland DAF |
Xlrzmfsp7cn9277551 |
Towed |
2010 |
Unknown |
White |
D61 |
54 |
Honda Accord |
Cf61015653 |
|
17.11.10 |
Unknown |
Black |
D65 |
55 |
Mazda Premacy |
Cpew00383 |
|
18.11.10 |
Unknown |
Black |
D68 |
56 |
Honda Prelude |
Bb61300012 |
|
2010 |
Unknown |
Black |
Bay d |
57 |
BMW 325i |
Wbaav320x0ft27987 |
8526 |
26.10.11 |
Unknown |
Black |
Bay d |
58 |
Mitsubishi Chariot (Wreck) |
Clrn81wrz00908 |
From border |
2010 |
Unknown |
Silver |
Steel gate |
59 |
Rover 75 |
- |
- |
- |
Unknown |
Sky blue |
Steel gate |
60 |
Toyota Hiace |
Cqge24001123 |
- |
25.1.11 |
CBCU Beitbridge |
White |
Bulk bay |
61 |
Mitsubishi Canter |
- |
- |
- |
Unknown |
White |
Light bay |
62 |
Mazda Atenza |
4626 |
15205 |
13.2.11 |
Leah Milton |
Blue |
Bay b |
63 |
Mercedes Benz |
Wdc1631722a127492 |
|
2010 |
Unknown |
Black |
Bay c far east |
64 |
Mercedes Benz |
2433 |
25295 |
22.5.11 |
Not clear |
Silver |
D39 |
65 |
Ford Ranger |
7598 |
14771 |
3.2.11 |
Excelsior farm |
White |
D43 |
66 |
Mitsubishi Mini pajero |
7422 |
604207 |
14.8.11 |
Sabastan |
Blue |
D57 |
67 |
Nissan Elgrand |
Aiwe50044544 |
|
13.11 |
Tichaona Ngirande |
Silver |
D48 |
68 |
Mitsubishi Chariot |
N8410-0045015 |
32148 |
|
Douglas Chiwetani |
Silver |
D53 |
69 |
Honda Fit |
Gd1-1217681 |
|
3.9.11 |
Abel Ruwona |
White |
- |
70 |
Toyota Corolla |
Ae110-5225266 |
|
3.9.11 |
Sobala Dube |
Silver |
- |
71 |
Volvo |
Yv1v514k91f637063 |
|
4.9.11 |
Zange |
Navy blue |
- |
72 |
Ford Focus |
Wfofxxwpdf3l12628 |
|
5.9.11 |
Fadzai Mbgara |
Red |
- |
73 |
Ford Focus |
Wfoaxxgcda1p55p31 |
|
5.9.11 |
Leslie Tendekai |
Silver |
- |
74 |
Toyota Noah |
Sr40-0137965 |
|
6.9.11 |
Nhamo Gochokocho |
Silver |
- |
75 |
Mazda MPV |
Lw5w-229787 |
|
11.9.11 |
Ashrafee D. Dawood |
Red |
- |
Please Note: If the vehicles remain uncleared by 26th November 2011, they will be disposed off through a public auction (rummage sale) without any further notice.
Commissioner General Public Notice No. 20 of 2011
Change of use in Capital Goods
Change of use in Capital Goods On acquisition of capital goods, a registered operator may claim input tax on the acquired capital goods in full, in part or is denied a deduction altogether depending on the intended usage of the capital goods. Where a registered operator had claimed input tax and the actual taxable usage of the capital goods reduces or increases from the initial intended taxable usage, a VAT adjustment should be made. 1. Reduction in the taxable use of capital goods In terms of section 17(2) of the Value Added Tax, (Chapter 23:12), where a registered operator has acquired, manufactured, assembled, constructed or imported capital goods for the making of taxable supplies, and their application for taxable purposes is reduced from the initial taxable usage, a deemed supply of the amount of the increased non-taxable usage arises, thus an adjustment is required and the registered operator must account for output tax on the amount of the increased non-taxable use. Value of Supply In terms of Section 9 (8) of the VAT Act, the consideration is determined using the formula: A x (B - C); where:
Example In January 2024, XYZ Holdings Pvt Ltd purchased a freezit making machine valued at $2,000 including vat which was going to be used 80% taxable and 20% non- taxable and claimed input tax on that basis. By December 2024, the machine was now being used 70% taxable and 30% non-taxable. The open market value of the machine was now $1,500. The adjustment is calculated thus, Consideration = A x (B - C) = $1,500*(80% - 70%) = $150.00. Therefore, Output tax payable = 15/115 * 150.00 = $19.57 2. Increase in the taxable use of capital goods In terms of section 17(5) of the Value Added Tax, Chapter 23:12, where a registered operator has acquired, manufactured, assembled, constructed or imported capital goods for the making of taxable supplies, and their application for taxable purposes is increased from the initial taxable usage, an adjustment is required and the registered operator must claim additional input tax by applying the formula: A x B x (C-D); where:
Example In January 2024, XYZ Holdings Pvt Ltd purchased a freezit making machine valued at $2,000 including vat which was going to be used 80% taxable and 20% non- taxable and claimed input tax on that basis. By December 2024, the machine was now being used 95% taxable and 5% non- taxable. The open market value of the machine was now $1,500. The adjustment is calculated thus, Input tax = A x B x (C-D) = 15/115*$1,500*(95% - 80%) = $29.35. Time of Supply for the above-mentioned situations In terms of Section 17 (6) of the VAT Act, any reduction or increase in the extent of the application or use of goods or services shall be deemed to take place on the last day of the registered operator’s year of assessment as defined in section two of the Taxes Act or, if the registered operator is not an income tax payer, on the last day of December. Please note that no adjustment is necessary where the cost of capital goods excluding VAT is less than $60.00 and where reduction or increase is not more than 10%. |
For additional information, visit nearest ZIMRA office or access the TaRMS portal. Compliance today avoids penalties tomorrow.
My Taxes, My Duties: Building my Zimbabwe.
Taxan Change of Use in Capital Goods Published on 5 June 2025.
Disclaimer
This article was compiled by the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) for information purposes only. ZIMRA shall not accept responsibility for loss or damage arising from use of material in this article and no liability will attach to the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority.
PAYMENT OF TAXES IN TaRMS
What is TaRMS?
Tax and Revenue Management System (TaRMS) is a new tax administration system that ZIMRA has introduced to replace the previous system. Tax and Revenue Management System (TaRMS) is for Domestic Taxes.
What are the benefits of TaRMS in terms of payments?
- TaRMS system eliminates the challenges that were encountered during payments processing in the previous system e.g. unallocated deposits
- The Taxpayer transfers funds to the ZIMRA single account using his/her selected bank for tax purposes The Taxpayer submits the tax returns and the system handles payments allocations, assessments and refunds.
How does the Single Account Concept work in TaRMS?
- ZIMRA have opened bank accounts in 15 banks in the country except for those that failed to meet ZIMRA requirements. These bank accounts are named ZIMRA Commissioner General Single Account. In each bank, there are two ZIMRA Single Bank Accounts, one for ZWL and another for USD. Any other foreign currencies are converted by the bank to USD at point of payment.
- From the list of banks with ZIMRA Single Accounts that ZIMRA availed, the Taxpayer is expected to choose ONE BANK for Tax payment purposes. (i.e. for both ZWL and USD payments). Taxpayers cannot have a USD single account in one bank and a ZWL Single Account in another bank; they both have to be within the same bank for ease of administration.
- The TaRMS system automatically keeps a balance of the Taxpayer’s funds in the ZIMRA Single Account in that bank. This record is kept in TaRMS in what is called the Taxpayer’s Single Account. The taxpayer can deposit or transfer money for tax payments only to the ZIMRA Single Account within their chosen and registered bank.
- A taxpayer cannot use a bank that is not linked to ZIMRA Single Bank Account for tax payments purposes.
- The Taxpayer’s bank account used to fund the Zimra Single account can be used for any other transactions as before. It is not restricted to the ZIMRA payments.
- The taxpayer is allowed to change from one bank to another. To change the taxpayer’s Bank account for tax purposes, the taxpayer should send an application to ZIMRA and reset the account in the current bank, then choose the other bank with the support of a ZIMRA Single Account. The balance in the Taxpayer’s Single Account should be nil before effecting these changes.
- Taxpayer has an opportunity to transfer money back from the single account to own bank account. For this transaction, the taxpayer is required to fill an online application form for the transfer. The application is automatically approved after checking set parameters. The amounts from the single account are automatically transferred to the taxpayer’s bank account within one working day.
How is the Taxpayer going to make payments in ZIMRA Single Account?
Payments into the ZIMRA Single Bank Account can be done by way of Cash deposits and internal transfers directly through Taxpayer’s bank, the bank will validate the payment before posting the transaction. The validation parameter is the Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) and Taxpayer’s Name; hence, it is of paramount importance that the TIN is captured correctly all the time.
Are taxpayers able to make Customs payments using Single Bank Accounts?
The ZIMRA Single Bank Accounts are specifically for Domestic Taxes payments. Customs & Excise duty payments use the old ZIMRA bank accounts. In both Domestic Taxes and Customs payments, the TIN is required
Vehicles in Transit
The Zimbabwe Revenue Authority would like to inform all valued clients and stakeholders that with effect from 1 November 2010, all imported motor vehicles in transit shall not be driven on any road in Zimbabwe.
This follows the amendment of Section 234 of the Customs and Excise Act, which states that motor vehicles in transit must be transported on a long-haul motor vehicle carrier with effect from 1 November, 2010.
Please abide by this new legislation for safe and smooth trade and travel.
Verification of Online Capital Gains Tax Clearance Certificate authenticity
Clients can check authenticity of the capital gains tax clearance certificate produced online to find if it is a valid tax clearance certificate. Checking for authenticity of the tax clearance assists in preventing fraudulent tax certificate generation that can be issued by untrustworthy people who are bent to deprive the fiscus of revenue.
How to check the authenticity of an online capital gains tax clearance certificate:
Electronic Capital Gains Tax Clearance Certificate presented can have its authenticity validated using either of the two methods indicated below:
- Validation by authentication code
- Enter the URL https://mytaxselfservice.zimra.co.zw/ on the internet browser and click Enter, and the SSP Homepage appears.
- Click Verify Certificate on the page.
- A window will appear, and under Select Certificate Type, click the dropdown icon and select CGT Certificate.
- Insert the Tax Payer
- Fill in the authentication code as it appears on the CGT certificate that is to be validated
- Click Verify
- A message “The CGT Certificate of SAMPLE LTD (name of taxpayer) with 2001676900 TIN (Taxpayer TIN) exists in the system” will appear if the certificate exists, otherwise the certificate will not be found.
- Validation by Scanning QR Code
- Scan the QR code using a scanning device
- A message “The CGT Certificate of SAMPLE LTD (name of taxpayer) with 2001676900 TIN (Taxpayer TIN) exists in the system” will appear if the certificate exists, otherwise the certificate will not be found.
My Taxes, My Duties: Building my Zimbabwe.
Taxman Verification of Online Capital Gains Tax Clearance Certificate authenticity published on 22/05/2025
Disclaimer
This article was compiled by the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) for information purposes only. ZIMRA shall not accept responsibility for loss or damage arising from use of material in this article and no liability will attach to the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority.
Post Clearance Audit as a tool to measure and improve compliance
According to the World Customs Organisation (WCO), the Post Clearance Audit (PCA) process is a structured examination, after Customs has released cargo of relevant commercial data, sales contracts, financial and non-financial records, physical stock and other assets of traders. The purpose is to measure and improve the traders' compliance. The WCO further states that PCA has proved to be an essential tool ensuring that Customs controls are effective in many aspects, including compliance with the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement. It plays a role in the implementation of an effective Customs risk management strategy. Through the application of a risk-based post-clearance approach, Customs Administrations are able to target their resources more effectively, create win-win partnerships with traders, who will be prompted to comply fully and voluntarily with the rules as this will facilitate clearance procedures, and hence trade.
PCA involves measures by which Customs Authorities satisfy themselves as to the accuracy and authenticity of declarations through systematic examination of client’s records and business systems. PCA is a Customs control measure used to promote trade facilitation that rely on risk management. An on-site visit gives Customs an opportunity to assist the client by educating or advising on procedures and regulatory requirements relating to Customs & Excise.
The legislative provision for Post Clearance Audit in Zimbabwe is contained in Customs & Excise Act [Chapter 23:02]. This legislation provides the obligations applicable to our clients in relation to Post Clearance Audits, and includes such requirements as the retention of clearance documentation for a period of 6 years, the need to produce such documentation on request by a ZIMRA officer, and the right of an officer to conduct the PCA. The legislation also provides the client with certain rights during the PCA which include the right to confidentiality, and the right to be informed of the results of the PCA.
The PCA process is designed to educate the client in areas where they may have some deficiencies and allows for the correction of systems, controls and processes within the clients work processes. It also provides the client with an opportunity to rectify any discrepancies noted during the clearance process some of which may not have any implications on the levels of duty paid on clearance. PCA also gives the client a platform to assess the capabilities of their clearing agents.